Patriarchal Society Defined According to Feminism

Definition: Patriarchal (adj.) describes a general structure in which men have power over women. Society (n.) is the entirety of relations of a community. A patriarchal society consists of a male-dominated power structure throughout organized society and in individual relationships. Power is related to privilege.  In a system in which men have more power than women, men have some level of privilege to which women are not entitled. The concept of patriarchy has been central to many feminist theories.  It is an attempt to explain the stratification of power and privilege by gender that can be observed by many objective measures. A patriarchy, from the ancient Greek patriarches, was a society where power was held by and passed down through the elder males. When modern historians and sociologists describe a patriarchal society, they mean that men hold the positions of power and have more privilege: head of the family unit, leaders of social groups, boss in the workplace, and heads of government. In patriarchy, there is also a hierarchy among the men.  In traditional patriarchy, the elder men had power over the younger generations of men.  In modern patriarchy, some men hold more power (and privilege) by virtue of the position of authority, and this hierarchy of power (and privilege) is considered acceptable. The term comes from  pater  or father.  Father or father-figures hold the authority in a patriarchy. Traditional patriarchal societies are, usually, also patrilineal — titles and property are inherited through male lines.  (For an example of this, the Salic Law as applied to property and titles followed male lines strictly.) Feminist Analysis Feminist theorists have expanded the definition of patriarchal society to describe a systemic bias against women. As second-wave feminists examined society during the 1960s, they did observe households headed by women and female leaders. They were, of course, concerned with whether this was uncommon. More significant, however, was the way society perceived women in power as an exception to a collectively held view of womens role in society. Rather than saying that individual men oppressed women, most feminists saw that oppression of women came from the underlying bias of a patriarchal society. Gerda Lerners Analysis of Patriarchy Gerda Lerners 1986 history classic,  The Creation of Patriarchy, traces the development of the patriarchy to the second millennium B.C.E. in the middle east, putting gender relations at the center of the story of civilizations history.  She argues that before this development, male dominance was not a feature of human society in general.  Women were key to the maintenance of human society and community, but with a few exceptions, social and legal power was wielded by men. Women could gain some status and privilege in patriarchy by limiting her child-bearing capacity to just one man so that he could depend on her children being his children. By rooting patriarchy — a social organization where men rule over women — in historical developments, rather than in nature, human nature or biology, she also opens the door for change.  If patriarchy was created by culture, it can be overturned by a new culture.  Ã‚   Part of her theory carried through into another volume, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness, is that women were not conscious that they were subordinate (and it might be otherwise) until this consciousness began slowly to emerge, starting with medieval Europe. In an interview with Jeffrey Mishlove on Thinking Aloud, Lerner described her work on the subject of patriarchy: Other groups that were subordinated in history — peasants, slaves, colonials, any kind of group, ethnic minorities — all of those groups knew very quickly that they were subordinated, and they developed theories about their liberation, about their rights as human beings, about what kind of struggle to conduct in order to emancipate themselves. But women did not, and so that was the question that I really wanted to explore. And in order to understand it I had to understand really whether patriarchy was, as most of us have been taught, a natural, almost God-given condition, or whether it was a human invention coming out of a specific historic period. Well, in Creation of Patriarchy I think I show that it was indeed a human invention; it was created by human beings, it was created by men and women, at a certain given point in the historical development of the human race. It was probably appropriate as a solution for the problems of that time, which was the Bronze Age, but its no longer appropriate, all right? And the reason we find it so hard, and we have found it so hard, to understand it and to combat it, is that it was institutionalized before Western civilization really, as we know it, was, so to speak, invented, and the process of creating patriarchy was really well completed by the time that the idea systems of Western civilization were formed. Some Quotes About Feminism and Patriarchy From bell hooks: Visionary feminism is a wise and loving politics. It is rooted in the love of male and female being, refusing to privilege one over the other. The soul of feminist politics is the commitment to ending patriarchal domination of women and men, girls and boys. Love cannot exist in any relationship that is based on domination and coercion. Males cannot love themselves in patriarchal culture if their very self-definition relies on submission to patriarchal rules. When men embrace feminist thinking and practice, which emphasizes the value of mutual growth and self-actualization in all relationships, their emotional well-being will be enhanced. A genuine feminist politics always brings us from bondage to freedom, from lovelessness to loving. Also from bell hooks:  We have to constantly critique imperialist white supremacist patriarchal culture because it is normalized by mass media and rendered unproblematic. From Mary Daly: The word ‘sin’ is derived from the Indo-European root ‘es-,’ meaning ‘to be.’ When I discovered this etymology, I intuitively understood that for a [person] trapped in patriarchy, which is the religion of the entire planet, ‘to be’ in the fullest sense is ‘to sin. From Andrea Dworkin: Being female in this world means having been robbed of the potential for human choice by men who love to hate us. One does not make choices in freedom. Instead, one conforms in body type and behavior and values to become an object of male sexual desire, which requires an abandonment of a wide-ranging capacity for choice... From Maria Mies, author of  Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale, linking the division of labor under capitalism to the division of the sexes: Peace in patriarchy is war against women. From Yvonne Aburrow: The patriarchal/kyriarchal/hegemonic culture seeks to regulate and control the body – especially women’s bodies, and especially black women’s bodies – because women, especially black women, are constructed as the Other, the site of resistance to the kyriarchy. Because our existence provokes fear of the Other, fear of wildness, fear of sexuality, fear of letting go – our bodies and our hair (traditionally hair is a source of magical power) must be controlled, groomed, reduced, covered, suppressed. From Ursula Le Guin: Civilized Man says: I am Self, I am Master, all the rest is other--outside, below, underneath, subservient. I own, I use, I explore, I exploit, I control. What I do is what matters. What I want is what matter is for. I am that I am, and the rest is women wilderness, to be used as I see fit. From Kate Millett: Patriarchy, reformed or unreformed, is patriarchy still: its worst abuses purged or foresworn, it might actually be more stable and secure than before. From Adrienne Rich,  Of Woman Born:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"There is nothing revolutionary whatsoever about the control of womens bodies by men. The womans body is the terrain on which patriarchy is erected.†

Payday Lending Is A Convenient, Instant, And Short Term...

At some point during person’s life, he or she may find himself or herself in some sort of financial misfortune. In such instances, payday lending can be a convenient, instant, and short-term option one may want to consider. The speed, ease, and convenience associated with payday lending enables an individual to get out of trouble quick, which has resulted in payday lending consistently growing in popularity over the last couple of decades. Since the early to mid 1990s, the payday lending industry has continuously grown in popularity as well as quantity. In fact, there are currently more than 20,000 payday lenders in the nation, which is more than all of the McDonald’s, Walmarts, and Home Depot stores combined. These loans, which are given by payday advance stores, check cashers, and pawnshops, are cash advances consisting of relatively small amounts of money, usually accompanied by high interest rates, against an individual’s next paycheck. Payday lending gives i ndividuals the opportunity and benefit of providing them with the financial support they may need in times of desperation or crisis. With this being said, however, the prosperity experienced by payday lending has been rivaled only by its notoriety, as banks, national and state governments, and consumers have contended that payday lenders exploit and take advantage of low-income individuals and minorities inevitably trapping them into a cycle of never-ending debt. According to a survey conducted by the FederalShow MoreRelatedEssay On Loaning857 Words   |  4 PagesWeve all had those unexpected moments when we need fast cash, and a payday loan may be one of many options to keep in mind. When used properly and in the appropriate circumstance, a payday loan can be a responsible alternative to late payments, high-interest rate credit card debt, and causing overdrafts to your bank account. 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Racial Discrimination Act in Australia †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Racial Discrimination Act in Australia. Answer: Racial discrimination is an act that offends human rights. It has therefore been carefully handled since cases of people being racially discriminated have increased in Australia. The racial discrimination act of 1975 is the first legislation act in Australia, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national or ethnic origin, or immigration. This act has therefore been provided to ensure that people of different races are respected, thus helping in the reduction of discrimination. Everybody who once underwent through a racial discrimination knows how it feels, thus has enough experience. It is important for people to respect others despite their race, color, Sex or age. As long as one is willing to do according to the rules and regulations of a place of work or any place of concern, then they are free to enjoy all the rights. Anybody found red handed with a racial discrimination crime must face the law, and undergo through the right process, until the complainant i s satisfied. According to anti discrimination commission Queensland, the complaint should follow the right procedures to ensure that all the requirements of apology are met in accordance with the commission. Therefore, the employer should take the responsibility of ensuring that the right procedure is followed in the organization of office (KELLY PG 45). Since cases of employees assaulting other employees have increased in Australia, the ADCQ has ensured that the victims do not turn back in their progress in life as a result of mistakes done by other people in the society. The commission therefore took an example of two employees, a senior employee and a junior employee, who had a racial conflict in the office. The senior employee racially discriminated the junior employee, and also induced violent on her. The junior employee was then affected mentally, both at work and at home. Though the employer tried his level best to reconcile the two employees, the junior employee felt that the steps taken be the employer towards the senior employee were not enough. The junior employee wanted a complete sack of the senior employee from the job (MURRAY PG 45). The employer however offered to shift the employee to another branch, after warning him. He also threatened to terminate his job incase of another violent racial discrimination case or a related case. The junior employee on the other hand had to take a leave, and stay at home, until the violent action n got over her mind. She however chooses to take the case to the commission, where it was to be determined. According to the example, it is clear that everybody feels based when racially discriminated. There is no way one can feel comfortable when another person is discriminating him or her. Everybody feels insecure incase a work place has such people who racially discriminate others. In the above example, the junior employee could not settle until the commission listened to her case, and the senior employee apologized twice (HUNT PG 36). According to the senior employee, he was also racially discriminated one day, and so he felt sorry for practicing such a vice in his life. This made the junior employee find a place in her heart to forgive the senior employee. Racial discrimination therefore hurts the complainant. They feel insecure, thus find it difficult to cope with others in the society. Though many people have faced the same challenge along their lives, it hurts more. Questions flood in the minds of the victims, and keep on asking themselves the reason behind the action taken against them. Generally, racial discrimination has affected the lives of many people today. These people have testimonies of how things occurred in certain day of their lives. Some of them were sacked and lost their jobs, where else others were denied a public and government facility, which other people enjoyed free of charge (WALKER NP). Some people also find it difficult to allow people of different race to be part and parcel of them in either a working place or a public facility. They therefore make life difficult for these people by basking a lot of money, in return of favor, o enjoying the facility. This shows that people have lost concern toward other peopl e, and are thus not minding about the welfare of other people. In the society, where the total population is 100%, 50% are children (MITCHELL NP). 35% is the youth 15% is the married people where else 5% comprises of the aged. 20% of the 50, which comprise of children have been found to have faced racial discrimination. This has taken place in different institutions, where these children sought attendance (WOODEN NP). 5% of the 20 who face the discrimination n are said to have been in school. On the side of the youth, 30% of the 35, which is the total population of the youth in Australia reported cases of racial discrimination. On the side of the adults, cases were not many though 1% occurs in a year. The aged are not racially discriminated, and this shows that the common victims of racial discrimination are the children, and the youth. Everybody is important in the society, and no one is above the law. Therefore, equal rights should be practiced upon everybody. We are all equal, ranging from a child to an adult. Everybody has senses, and no one is happy when favor is practiced before their eyes, where else others are discriminate. Since nobody knows what future holds for us and the generation to come, everybody should treat the other as a brother, a friend but not an enemy. Let us make love our national anthem, and treat everybody as important in the society, because everybody is worth it. References HUNT, I. E., PROVIS, C. (1995). The new industrial relations in Australia. Annandale, NSW, Federation Press.pg 36 KELLY, D. (1999). Researching industrial relations. Leichardt, NSW, Federation Press. Pg 5 MITCHELL, R., DEERY, S. (1999). Eployment Relations: the Federation Press. MURRAY, J. (2005). Work, family and the law. Leichhardt, N.S.W., The Federation Pr pg 45 WALKER, K. F. (1970). Australian industrial relations systems. Wertheim publications in industrial relations. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. WOODEN, M. (2000). The transformation of Australian industrial relations. Annandale [u.a.], Federation Press.